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Sign up. Palladino , 3 hours ago. Twitter Facebook Reddit Mail. Fingas , This next variation allows us to declare globals without consuming them and could similarly support the concept of global imports seen in the last example. Dojo Dojo provides a convenience method for working with objects called dojo. This takes as its first argument a dot-separated string such as myObj. Using setObject allows us to set the value of children, creating any of the intermediate objects in the rest of the path passed if they don't already exist.

For example, if we wanted to declare basket. For more information on dojo. For those using Sencha's ExtJS, an example demonstrating how to correctly use the Module pattern with the framework can be found below. Here, we see an example of how to define a namespace which can then be populated with a module containing both a private and public API. With the exception of some semantic differences, it's quite close to how the Module pattern is implemented in vanilla JavaScript:.

Similarly, we can also implement the Module pattern when building applications using YUI3. The following example is heavily based on the original YUI Module pattern implementation by Eric Miraglia, but again, isn't vastly different from the vanilla JavaScript version:.

There are a number of ways in which jQuery code unspecific to plugins can be wrapped inside the Module pattern. Ben Cherry previously suggested an implementation where a function wrapper is used around module definitions in the event of there being a number of commonalities between modules.

In the following example, a library function is defined which declares a new library and automatically binds up the init function to document. We've seen why the Constructor pattern can be useful, but why is the Module pattern a good choice? For starters, it's a lot cleaner for developers coming from an object-oriented background than the idea of true encapsulation, at least from a JavaScript perspective. Secondly, it supports private data - so, in the Module pattern, public parts of our code are able to touch the private parts, however the outside world is unable to touch the class's private parts no laughing!

Oh, and thanks to David Engfer for the joke. The disadvantages of the Module pattern are that as we access both public and private members differently, when we wish to change visibility, we actually have to make changes to each place the member was used.

We also can't access private members in methods that are added to the object at a later point. That said, in many cases the Module pattern is still quite useful and when used correctly, certainly has the potential to improve the structure of our application. Other disadvantages include the inability to create automated unit tests for private members and additional complexity when bugs require hot fixes. It's simply not possible to patch privates. Instead, one must override all public methods which interact with the buggy privates.

Developers can't easily extend privates either, so it's worth remembering privates are not as flexible as they may initially appear. For further reading on the Module pattern, see Ben Cherry's excellent in-depth article on it. The Revealing Module pattern came about as Heilmann was frustrated with the fact that he had to repeat the name of the main object when we wanted to call one public method from another or access public variables.

The result of his efforts was an updated pattern where we would simply define all of our functions and variables in the private scope and return an anonymous object with pointers to the private functionality we wished to reveal as public. The pattern can also be used to reveal private functions and properties with a more specific naming scheme if we would prefer:. This pattern allows the syntax of our scripts to be more consistent.

It also makes it more clear at the end of the module which of our functions and variables may be accessed publicly which eases readability. A disadvantage of this pattern is that if a private function refers to a public function, that public function can't be overridden if a patch is necessary. This is because the private function will continue to refer to the private implementation and the pattern doesn't apply to public members, only to functions. Public object members which refer to private variables are also subject to the no-patch rule notes above.

As a result of this, modules created with the Revealing Module pattern may be more fragile than those created with the original Module pattern, so care should be taken during usage.

The Singleton pattern is thus known because it restricts instantiation of a class to a single object. Classically, the Singleton pattern can be implemented by creating a class with a method that creates a new instance of the class if one doesn't exist. In the event of an instance already existing, it simply returns a reference to that object.

Singletons differ from static classes or objects as we can delay their initialization, generally because they require some information that may not be available during initialization time.

They don't provide a way for code that is unaware of a previous reference to them to easily retrieve them. This is because it is neither the object or "class" that's returned by a Singleton, it's a structure.

Think of how closured variables aren't actually closures - the function scope that provides the closure is the closure. In JavaScript, Singletons serve as a shared resource namespace which isolate implementation code from the global namespace so as to provide a single point of access for functions.

What makes the Singleton is the global access to the instance generally through MySingleton. This is however possible in JavaScript. There must be exactly one instance of a class, and it must be accessible to clients from a well-known access point. When the sole instance should be extensible by subclassing, and clients should be able to use an extended instance without modifying their code.

Here, getInstance becomes a little like a Factory method and we don't need to update each point in our code accessing it. FooSingleton above would be a subclass of BasicSingleton and implement the same interface. It is important to note the difference between a static instance of a class object and a Singleton: whilst a Singleton can be implemented as a static instance, it can also be constructed lazily, without the need for resources nor memory until this is actually needed.

If we have a static object that can be initialized directly, we need to ensure the code is always executed in the same order e. Both Singletons and static objects are useful but they shouldn't be overused - the same way in which we shouldn't overuse other patterns.

In practice, the Singleton pattern is useful when exactly one object is needed to coordinate others across a system. Here is one example with the pattern being used in this context:.

Whilst the Singleton has valid uses, often when we find ourselves needing it in JavaScript it's a sign that we may need to re-evaluate our design. They're often an indication that modules in a system are either tightly coupled or that logic is overly spread across multiple parts of a codebase. Singletons can be more difficult to test due to issues ranging from hidden dependencies, the difficulty in creating multiple instances, difficulty in stubbing dependencies and so on.

Miller Medeiros has previously recommended this excellent article on the Singleton and its various issues for further reading as well as the comments to this article, discussing how Singletons can increase tight coupling. I'm happy to second these recommendations as both pieces raise many important points about this pattern that are also worth noting. The Observer is a design pattern where an object known as a subject maintains a list of objects depending on it observers , automatically notifying them of any changes to state.

When a subject needs to notify observers about something interesting happening, it broadcasts a notification to the observers which can include specific data related to the topic of the notification. When we no longer wish for a particular observer to be notified of changes by the subject they are registered with, the subject can remove them from the list of observers. It's often useful to refer back to published definitions of design patterns that are language agnostic to get a broader sense of their usage and advantages over time.

When something changes in our subject that the observer may be interested in, a notify message is sent which calls the update method in each observer. When the observer is no longer interested in the subject's state, they can simply detach themselves. We can now expand on what we've learned to implement the Observer pattern with the following components:.

Next, let's model the Subject and the ability to add, remove or notify observers on the observer list. We then define a skeleton for creating new Observers.

The update functionality here will be overwritten later with custom behaviour. We then define ConcreteSubject and ConcreteObserver handlers for both adding new observers to the page and implementing the updating interface.

See below for inline comments on what these components do in the context of our example. In this example, we looked at how to implement and utilize the Observer pattern, covering the concepts of a Subject, Observer, ConcreteSubject and ConcreteObserver.

Whilst very similar, there are differences between these patterns worth noting. The Observer pattern requires that the observer or object wishing to receive topic notifications must subscribe this interest to the object firing the event the subject. This event system allows code to define application specific events which can pass custom arguments containing values needed by the subscriber. The idea here is to avoid dependencies between the subscriber and publisher.

This differs from the Observer pattern as it allows any subscriber implementing an appropriate event handler to register for and receive topic notifications broadcast by the publisher.

The general idea here is the promotion of loose coupling. Rather than single objects calling on the methods of other objects directly, they instead subscribe to a specific task or activity of another object and are notified when it occurs.

They also help us identify what layers containing direct relationships which could instead be replaced with sets of subjects and observers. This effectively could be used to break down an application into smaller, more loosely coupled blocks to improve code management and potentials for re-use. Further motivation behind using the Observer pattern is where we need to maintain consistency between related objects without making classes tightly coupled. For example, when an object needs to be able to notify other objects without making assumptions regarding those objects.

Dynamic relationships can exist between observers and subjects when using either pattern. This provides a great deal of flexibility which may not be as easy to implement when disparate parts of our application are tightly coupled. Whilst it may not always be the best solution to every problem, these patterns remain one of the best tools for designing decoupled systems and should be considered an important tool in any JavaScript developer's utility belt.

Consequently, some of the issues with these patterns actually stem from their main benefits. For example, publishers may make an assumption that one or more subscribers are listening to them.

Say that we're using such an assumption to log or output errors regarding some application process. If the subscriber performing the logging crashes or for some reason fails to function , the publisher won't have a way of seeing this due to the decoupled nature of the system.

Another draw-back of the pattern is that subscribers are quite ignorant to the existence of each other and are blind to the cost of switching publishers. Due to the dynamic relationship between subscribers and publishers, the update dependency can be difficult to track. Below we can see some examples of this:. Links to just a few of these can be found below. This demonstrates the core concepts of subscribe, publish as well as the concept of unsubscribing.

I've opted to base our examples on this code as it sticks closely to both the method signatures and approach of implementation I would expect to see in a JavaScript version of the classic Observer pattern. Next, let's imagine we have a web application responsible for displaying real-time stock information. The application might have a grid for displaying the stock stats and a counter for displaying the last point of update. When the data model changes, the application will need to update the grid and counter.

When our subscribers receive notification that the model itself has changed, they can update themselves accordingly. In our implementation, our subscriber will listen to the topic "newDataAvailable" to find out if new stock information is available.

If a new notification is published to this topic, it will trigger gridUpdate to add a new row to our grid containing this information. It will also update a last updated counter to log the last time data was added. Notice how submitting a rating only has the effect of publishing the fact that new user and rating data is available. It's left up to the subscribers to those topics to then delegate what happens with that data.

In our case we're pushing that new data into existing arrays and then rendering them using the Underscore library's. Quite often in Ajax-heavy applications, once we've received a response to a request we want to achieve more than just one unique action.

One could simply add all of their post-request logic into a success callback, but there are drawbacks to this approach. What this means is that although keeping our post-request logic hardcoded in a callback might be fine if we're just trying to grab a result set once, it's not as appropriate when we want to make further Ajax-calls to the same data source and different end-behavior without rewriting parts of the code multiple times.

Using Observers, we can also easily separate application-wide notifications regarding different events down to whatever level of granularity we're comfortable with - something which can be less elegantly done using other patterns. Notice how in our sample below, one topic notification is made when a user indicates they want to make a search query and another is made when the request returns and actual data is available for consumption.

It's left up to the subscribers to then decide how to use knowledge of these events or the data returned. The benefits of this are that, if we wanted, we could have 10 different subscribers utilizing the data returned in different ways but as far as the Ajax-layer is concerned, it doesn't care. Its sole duty is to request and return data then pass it on to whoever wants to use it. This separation of concerns can make the overall design of our code a little cleaner.

The Observer pattern is useful for decoupling a number of different scenarios in application design and if you haven't been using it, I recommend picking up one of the pre-written implementations mentioned today and just giving it a try out. It's one of the easier design patterns to get started with but also one of the most powerful.

In the section on the Observer pattern, we were introduced to a way of channeling multiple event sources through a single object. It's common for developers to think of Mediators when faced with this problem, so let's explore how they differ. The dictionary refers to a mediator as a neutral party that assists in negotiations and conflict resolution.

In our world, a mediator is a behavioral design pattern that allows us to expose a unified interface through which the different parts of a system may communicate. If it appears a system has too many direct relationships between components, it may be time to have a central point of control that components communicate through instead. The Mediator promotes loose coupling by ensuring that instead of components referring to each other explicitly, their interaction is handled through this central point.

This can help us decouple systems and improve the potential for component reusability. A real-world analogy could be a typical airport traffic control system. A tower Mediator handles what planes can take off and land because all communications notifications being listened out for or broadcast are done from the planes to the control tower, rather than from plane-to-plane. A centralized controller is key to the success of this system and that's really the role a Mediator plays in software design.

Another analogy would be DOM event bubbling and event delegation. If all subscriptions in a system are made against the document rather than individual nodes, the document effectively serves as a Mediator. Instead of binding to the events of the individual nodes, a higher level object is given the responsibility of notifying subscribers about interaction events.

When it comes to the Mediator and Event Aggregator patterns, there are some times where it may look like the patterns are interchangeable due to implementation similarities. However, the semantics and intent of these patterns are very different. And even if the implementations both use some of the same core constructs, I believe there is a distinct difference between them. I also believe they should not be interchanged or confused in communication because of the differences.

A Mediator is an object that coordinates interactions logic and behavior between multiple objects. It makes decisions on when to call which objects, based on the actions or inaction of other objects and input. Yes, of course this is just an object literal in JavaScript. This example shows a very basic implementation of a mediator object with some utility methods that can trigger and subscribe to events.

It is an object that handles the workflow between many other objects, aggregating the responsibility of that workflow knowledge into a single object. The result is workflow that is easier to understand and maintain. The similarities boil down to two primary items: events and third-party objects.

These differences are superficial at best, though. When we dig into the intent of the pattern and see that the implementations can be dramatically different, the nature of the patterns become more apparent. Both the event aggregator and mediator use events, in the above examples. The mediator only uses events because it makes life easy when dealing with modern JavaScript webapp frameworks. There is nothing that says a mediator must be built with events.

You can build a mediator with callback methods, by handing the mediator reference to the child object, or by any of a number of other means. The difference, then, is why these two patterns are both using events. The event aggregator, as a pattern, is designed to deal with events. Both the event aggregator and mediator, by design, use a third-party object to facilitate things.

The event aggregator itself is a third-party to the event publisher and the event subscriber. It acts as a central hub for events to pass through.

The mediator is also a third party to other objects, though. So where is the difference? The answer largely comes down to where the application logic and workflow is coded. In the case of an event aggregator, the third party object is there only to facilitate the pass-through of events from an unknown number of sources to an unknown number of handlers. All workflow and business logic that needs to be kicked off is put directly into the object that triggers the events and the objects that handle the events.

In the case of the mediator, though, the business logic and workflow is aggregated into the mediator itself. The mediator decides when an object should have its methods called and attributes updated based on factors that the mediator knows about.

It encapsulates the workflow and process, coordinating multiple objects to produce the desired system behaviour. Distinct overclocking and fan speed profiles can be created for specific games and applications and then GPU Tweak seamlessly handles the rest.

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Do this problem on a worksheet. Both car A and car B leave school when a clock reads zero. Both cars passed a gas station km from the school. When did each car pass the gas station? Calculate the times and show them on your graph. Car B starts from school at P. When does each car get to the beach? Two cars travel along a straight road. Answer the following questions, first, graphically by creating a position-time graph, and second, algebraically by writing down equations for the positions dA and dB as a function of the stopwatch time, t.

When the cars pass, how long will it have been since car A was at the reference point? A child suddenly runs into the street. If it takes the driver 0. Find the instantaneous speed of the car in Figure at 15 s.

Student answers will vary. You ride your bike for 1. Average velocity is the total displacement divided by the total time. How does the average acceleration of the object in the interval between 0 s and 2 s differ from the average acceleration in the interval between 7 s and 12 s? Plot a velocity-time graph using the information in Table 55, then answer the questions. TABLE What is its final velocity?

Determine the final velocity of a proton that has an initial velocity of 2. How far has it traveled after 6. How far has it gone after 9. How many times the speed of sound is the planes final speed? A plane travels 5. What final velocity does it attain? How many meters will it take to stop a car going twice as fast? These planes are capable of being accelerated uniformly at the rate of 2.

How long will it take the planes to reach takeoff speed? Engineers are developing new types of guns that might someday be used to launch satellites as if they were bullets. One such gun can give a small object a velocity of 3. What acceleration does the gun give this object? Over what time interval does the acceleration take place? Highway safety engineers build soft barriers so that cars hitting them will slow down at a safe rate.

A person wearing a seat belt can withstand an acceleration of 3. What must be the minimum length of the runway? The acceleration occurs as the pitcher holds the ball in his hand and moves it through an almost straightline distance of 3. Calculate the acceleration, assuming it is uniform. Compare this acceleration to the acceleration due to gravity, 9.

Rocket-powered sleds are used to test the responses of humans to acceleration. Calculate the acceleration of the sled when starting, and compare it to the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity, 9. Find the acceleration of the sled when braking and compare it to the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity. The velocity of an automobile changes over an 8. Plot the velocity-time graph of the motion. Determine the displacement of the car during the first 2.

What displacement does the car have during the first 4. What does this slope represent? Figure shows the position-time and velocity-time graphs of a karate experts fist as it breaks a wooden board.

Determine the area under the velocitytime curve to find the displacement of the fist in the first 6 ms. Compare this with the position-time graph. The driver of a car going It takes the driver 0.

Determine whether the car hits the barrier. What does this slope indicate? It then suddenly comes to a halt accelerates. Estimate the slope of the velocity-time graph to determine the acceleration of the fist when it suddenly stops.

What displacement does the car have during the entire 8. Use the velocity-time graph to describe the motion of the experts fist during the first 10 ms. Plot the braking distance versus the initial velocity.

Describe the shape of the curve. What is the maximum speed at which the car could be moving and not hit the barrier Assume that the acceleration rate doesnt change. Plot the braking distance versus the square of the initial velocity. Calculate the slope of your graph from part b. What is the value of a? The data in Table 57, taken from a drivers handbook, show the distance a car travels when it brakes to a halt from a specific initial velocity. As a traffic light turns green, a waiting car starts with a constant acceleration of 6.

How far will the car travel before it overtakes the truck? Do the graphs confirm the answer you calculated for problem 64? Yes; The graphs confirm the calculated answer. How fast will the car be traveling when it overtakes the truck? Use the information given in problem Draw velocity-time and position-time graphs for the car and truck.

An astronaut drops a feather from 1. If the acceleration of gravity on the moon is 1. What is the stones displacement during this time? A student drops a penny from the top of a tower and decides that she will establish a coordinate system in which the direction of the pennys motion is positive. What is the sign of the acceleration of the penny? During a baseball game, a batter hits a high pop-up. If the ball remains in the air for 6. Hint: Calculate the height using the second half of the trajectory.

The time to fall is 3. The direction of the velocity is positive, and velocity is increasing. Therefore, the acceleration is also positive. A bag is dropped from a hovering helicopter. When the bag has fallen 2. A weather balloon is floating at a constant height above Earth when it releases a pack of instruments.

If the pack hits the ground with a velocity of How long did it take for the pack to fall? Use the data to plot a velocity-time graph. Use the data in the table to plot a position-time graph. Table 58 gives the positions and velocities of a ball at the end of each second for the first 5. Find the slope of the curve at the end of 2. Do the values agree with the table of velocity? Use the data in the table to plot a position-versus-time-squared graph. What type of curve is obtained?

The helicopter in problems 69 and 73 now descends at 5. The same helicopter as in problem 69 is rising at 5. Find the slope of the line at any point. Explain the significance of the value. The helicopter has fallen 1. What is common to the answers to problems 69, 73, and 74? The bag is 2.

A tennis ball is dropped from 1. It rebounds to a height of 1. With what velocity does it hit the ground? With what velocity does it leave the ground? An express train, traveling at The express engineer spots a local train exactly 1. The local engineer is unaware of the situation. The express engineer jams on the brakes and slows the express 2 at a constant rate of 3.

If the speed of the local train is To solve this problem, take the position of the express train when it first sights the local train as a point of origin. Next, keeping in mind that the local train has exactly 2 a 1. On the basis of your calculations, would you conclude that a collision will occur?

If the tennis ball were in contact with the ground for 0. Compare the acceleration to g. The calculations you made do not allow for the possibility that a collision might take place before the end of the 12 s required for the express train to come to a halt.

To check this, take the position of the express train when it first sights the local train as the point of origin and calculate the position of each train at the end of each second after sighting. Make a table showing the distance of each train from the origin at the end of each second. Plot these positions on the same graph and draw two lines. Use your graph to check your answer to part a. What must your average speed be in the second half of the trip to meet your goal?

Is this reasonable? Note that the velocities are based on half the distance, not half the time. Draw pictorial models for the following situations. Circle each system.

Draw the forces exerted on the system. Name the agent for each force acting on each system. Two horizontal forces, N and N, are exerted in the same direction on a crate. Find the net horizontal force on the crate.

If the same two forces are exerted in opposite directions, what is the net horizontal force on the crate? Be sure to indicate the direction of the net force. The N force is exerted on the crate toward the north and the N force is exerted toward the east. Find the magnitude and direction of the net force. Your hand exerts a 6. Considering the force of gravity on the sugar, what is the net force on the sugar?

Give the magnitude and direction. The downward force is one pound, or 4. The force is. Is the force the same if you lie on the floor? For each problem, draw a motion diagram and a free-body diagram labeling all forces with their agents and indicating the direction of the acceleration and the net force.

Draw arrows the appropriate lengths. A skydiver falls downward through the air at constant velocity air drag is important. Air drag on diver. A rocket blasts off and its vertical velocity increases with time ignore air drag. A cable pulls a crate at constant speed across a horizontal surface there is friction.

On Earth, a scale shows that you weigh N. What is your mass? Scale reads N. Since there is no acceleration your force equals the downward force of gravity. On the moon the scale would read Use the results from the first example problem to answer these questions about a scale in an elevator on Earth.

What force would the scale exert when a. A boy exerts a N horizontal force as he pulls a N sled across a cement sidewalk at constant speed. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the sidewalk and the metal sled runners? Ignore air resistance. Suppose the sled runs on packed snow.

The coefficient of friction is now only 0. If a person weighing N sits on the sled, what force is needed to pull the sled across the snow at constant speed?

Consider the doubled force pushing the crate in the example problem Unbalanced Friction Forces. How long would it take for the velocity of the crate to double to 2. The initial velocity is 1. Depends upon the magnitude of the acceleration. Would it be practical to make a pendulum with a period of Calculate the length and explain. On a planet with an unknown value of g, the period of a 0.

What is g for this planet? A kg lb dragster, starting from rest, attains a speed of Find the average acceleration of the dragster during this time interval. What is the magnitude of the average net force on the dragster during this time? You lift a bowling ball with your hand, accelerating it upward. What are the forces on the ball? What are the other parts of the action-reaction pairs? On what objects are they exerted? The force of your hand on the ball, the gravitational force of Earths mass on the ball.

The force of the ball on your hand, the gravitational force of the balls mass on Earth. The force of your feet on Earth, the force of Earth on your feet. A car brakes to a halt. What forces act on the car? The backward friction and upward normal force of the road on the tires and the gravitational force of Earths mass on the car. The forward friction and the downward force of the tires on the road and the gravitational force of the cars mass on Earth.

Assume that the driver has a mass of 68 kg. What horizontal force does the seat exert on the driver? The dragster in problem 20 completed the If the car had a constant acceleration, what would be its acceleration and final velocity? After a day of testing race cars, you decide to take your own kg car onto the test track. While moving down the track at What is the average net force that the track has applied to the car during the The swimmer comes to a stop 2.

Find the net force exerted by the water. Section 6. What is your weight in newtons? Your new motorcycle weighs N. What is its mass in kg? The dragster in problem 21 crossed the finish line going Does the assumption of constant acceleration hold true?

What other piece of evidence could you use to see if the acceleration is constant? A race car has a mass of kg.